Skip to main content

Translate

Historical Evaluation of Society according to the Karl Marx


According to Karl H. Marx history of Society is dependent on socioeconomic development, he further divided the stages of socioeconomic history of evolution into five distinct stages which are as follows:-

1. Primitive Communism

2. Slavery

3. Feudalism

4. Capitalism

5. Socialism








(Details are available on this portal in separate articles )

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) vs. National Pension System (NPS)

  The Indian government's introduction of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS), effective from April 1, 2025, marks a significant shift in retirement planning for central government employees. This new scheme aims to combine the predictability of the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) with the contributory nature of the National Pension System (NPS). For employees seeking a stable and assured post-retirement income, UPS presents a compelling alternative to the market-linked NPS. Key Differences Between UPS and NPS 1. Pension Structure 2. Employee and Government Contributions 3. Inflation Adjustment 4. Family Pension 5. Lump Sum Payment at Retirement Comparative Example: UPS vs. NPS UPS : Provides a guaranteed pension amounting to 50% of the average basic pay from the last 12 months of service, given a minimum of 25 years of service. For those with 10 to 25 years of service, the pension is proportionate to their service duration, with a minimum pension of ₹10,000 per month. NPS : Offers a p...

New-Age Free Trade Agreements: Shaping India’s Economic Future

     In an era of global economic realignment, India stands at a pivotal juncture, leveraging new-age Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) to propel its ambition of becoming a $5 trillion economy by 2030 and a global trade powerhouse. Unlike their predecessors, which focused narrowly on tariff reductions, modern FTAs are comprehensive, encompassing digital trade, intellectual property rights (IPR), sustainability, labor standards, and geopolitical strategies. For India, these agreements are not mere trade pacts but strategic instruments to drive export-led growth, attract foreign direct investment (FDI), enhance industrial competitiveness, and foster inclusive development.      As of May 2025, India’s merchandise exports stand at $437 billion (April 2024–February 2025), with services exports at $340 billion, and FTAs are poised to amplify these figures. Yet, the path is fraught with challenges—trade deficits, domestic capacity constraints, and geopolitical trade-of...

Understanding NPS and UPS Provisions Through Case Studies – Death and Disablement in Service

The National Pension System (NPS) and the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) provide distinct benefits for Central Government employees in India, especially in cases of unforeseen events like death or disablement during service. To help employees and their families understand these provisions, we will analyze two real-world case studies based on the latest Office Memoranda (OMs): DoPPW OM dated October 26, 2022 (CCS NPS Rules, 2021) for NPS Finance Ministry Notification dated January 24, 2025 (UPS effective from April 1, 2025) These case studies will clarify benefits, eligibility criteria, and potential financial outcomes under both schemes. Case Study 1: NPS – Death of an Employee in Service Employee Profile Name: Rajesh Kumar Age: 42 Service Duration: 15 years (Joined on January 1, 2010) Basic Pay: ₹80,000/month (including Dearness Allowance) NPS Contribution: 10% (₹8,000/month) by Rajesh, 14% (₹11,200/month) by the government Accumulated Corpus: ₹45 lakh (by April 2025) Family: W...